In an op ed in today’s Los Angeles Times, Douglas W. Kmiec argues that the simple way to resolve the Proposition 8 controversy is to cross out “marriage” and substitute “civil union” in California statutes. I held a similar view years ago, but I’ve changed my mind. And I have two reasons for arguing that same-sex marriage should be marriage, period, not “civil” anything.
Unless there is agreement at all federal levels that “civil union” and “marriage” mean exactly the same thing under the law, California by itself cannot resolve some of the more intractable issues of same-sex marriage. These include whether “civilly unioned” couples are entitled to the same federal benefits, tax filing status, etc., as their married co-citizens. It also doesn’t tell us whether other states may recognize civil unions in any way.
But my larger objection is this: The word “civil” in this context means “Of or relating to citizens and their interrelations with one another or with the state.” It also means “Of ordinary citizens or ordinary community life as distinguished from the military or the ecclesiastical.”
In other words, by creating a dichotomy between marriage and civil unions, we are saying that marriage is something recognized and authorized by more than just the state. Marriage has the weight of ecclesiastical authority on its side, whereas civil unions are merely a legal contrivance. I argue that this dichotomy does not reflect reality.
First, marriages are not always blessed by clergy — judges and ship’s captains can do the job as well. Further, not all religious institutions are opposed to same-sex marriage. Some — a minority, I admit, but some — are just fine with it. And I argue that not recognizing same-sex marriages performed in those traditions as marriage is a form of religious discrimination.
The usual argument from religious institutions is that recognizing same-sex marriage would force them to perform such marriages, in violation of their beliefs. I would support language in the law that permits any religious institution to refuse to marry a couple for any reason. I believe they have that right now. I’ve often heard of priests and ministers refusing to perform wedding ceremonies because the engaged couple were not both of the same faith, or because the engaged couple were already living together. But if it makes everyone feel better, then fine; let the law clearly state that a religious institution can refuse to perform or honor same-sex marriages without penalty of law.
However, my understanding is that a few religious institutions have been performing same-sex wedding ceremonies for a while, and same-sex couples are recognized within that organization as being “married” in every sense of the word. These institutions include Unitarian Universalist fellowships and at least some Buddhist sanghas. I know American Zen priests who have been performing same-sex marriages for many years. Episcopalians may be heading in that direction also, and it wouldn’t surprise me if some Episcopal priests have presided at same-sex wedding ceremonies, even if they aren’t yet officially sanctioned by the church.
Yet the law does not recognize these couples as being married. On the other hand, some religious institutions are demanding the law reflect their sectarian beliefs opposing same-sex marriage, which to me clearly runs afoul of the establishment clause of the First Amendment.
I say the only way for the law to avoid religious entanglement and be free of religious discrimination is to recognize same-sex marriages but make it clear that a religious institution can refuse to perform them. We don’t need to be “civil” about it.
Update: I confess to being very tired right now, and I discussed the Los Angeles Times article without reading it through to the end. So I missed this paragraph:
The federal action was brought on behalf of two gay couples who were denied marriage licenses after the ruling that upheld Proposition 8. If such an action were instead brought in state court, California would have an opportunity to bring equity to both sides. The attorney general, in defending the state’s interest, could ask for a court order enjoining the state from using the terminology of marriage altogether. Instead, the state would give everyone — gay or straight — a civil union license and allow churches, synagogues, temples and mosques to say who can and cannot “marry” within their individual traditions. Religious freedom, a bedrock constitutional value of like importance to equality, would also be a winner.
That has some internal logic to it, although I don’t think it would fly. It still doesn’t solve the issue of federal privileges and protections. And what does this say to atheists? Surely there are atheists who would like to call themselves “married” but who, as a matter of principle, would not take part in a religious ceremony.
It occurs to me also that there are many circumstances in which a couple might be married under the law but not in a church. I understand that Catholics who have not had a first marriage properly annulled by the Church cannot be married in the Church, for example.